Performance Assessment Through Financial Analysis - Eleven Barangays Case - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1168 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT THROUGH FINANCIAL ANALYSIS OF LOCAL GOVERNMENTà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢S FINANCIAL STATEMENTS: A CASE FOR ELEVEN BARANGAYS IN ILIGAN CITY ABSTRACT This study was conducted in order to evaluate the financial administration of local governments in Iligan City. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Along with the constant allocation of the government with substantial budget towards its local government units which will be used to the benefit of the general public is the need for these units to provide, in return, financial statements that will give the government pertinent information about the financial position, performance, and changes in equity which will be essential to a wide range of users in making economic decisions. In a technical sense, financial statements summarize the accounting process and provide a tabulation of account titles and amounts of money. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Performance Assessment Through Financial Analysis Eleven Barangays Case" essay for you Create order Financial statements actually help communicate what financial decisions have been made and how they affect the bottom line. For example, the general public may be interested in the outcomes produced by the local governments on the economy, environment and the local community in terms of public infrastructures, health, education, agriculture, security or other privileges needed by a civilized society. The government, on the other hand, may require the preparation of these financial statements to determine the accuracy of taxes declared in the tax returns by taxpayers or to keep track of the economic progress through the analysis of these statements from different sectors of the government. Accordingly, the need to have financial analysis is very relevant in this matter since it will verify the correctness of the figures presented on the financial statements. Needless to say, a good financial performance system of the government is a significant measure to the success and growth of our countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economy. Properly comparing a statement of financial position with the corresponding profit and loss account to determine strengths and weakness of an entity describes financial statement analysis. Financial analysis determines an organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s health and stability. The data gives you an intuitive understanding of how an organization manages its wealth. Stockholders can find out how management employs resources and whether or not these resources have been properly used for. Governments and regulatory authorities use financial statements to determine the legality of a companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s fiscal decisions and whether the firm is following correct accounting procedures. Finally, government agencies, such as the Internal Revenue Service, use financial statement analysis to decide the correct taxation for the company. Numerous studies have been conducted in an attempt to ascertain financial performance by local government units. In this study, the researchers aim to evaluate, monitor and compare the financial performance of 11 barangays in Iligan City over the last four years (2010-2013) based on measurable financial indicators of good governance in order to contribute towards ascertaining good financial governance system in the LGU for public accountability and service delivery improvement. To date, no literature had been published about financial analysis of local government in Iligan City. The results of the study will, therefore, benefit the city government of Iligan in identifying certain barangays that need improvement and on taking appropriate courses of actions in the financial administration sector. This enhancement shall not be limited only to the sample barangays but shall rather extend up to the scope of the entire local government of Iligan City. 1.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The primary objective of this study is to evaluate, monitor and compare the financial performance of 11 barangay s in Iligan City over the last four years (2010-2013) based on measurable financial indicators of good governance in order to contribute towards ascertaining good financial governance system in the LGU for public accountability and service delivery improvement. To achieve this primary objective, the specific aims of the research are the following: To analyze and conduct comparative assessments of the different barangays based on the financial performance indicators. To determine what constitutes best practices for budgeting, accounting and other finance-related areas in local financial management of the barangays. To perform a financial statement analysis using different financial indicators and ratios with the help of: Revenue Indicators a.1 Local Revenues Per Capita a.2 IRA Dependency Ratio Expenditures Indicators b.1 Expenditures Per Capita b.2 Personal Services Ceiling Liquidity Indicators c.1 Current Ratio c.2 Quick Ratio Asset Turnover Indicators d.1 Asset Turnover d.2 Fixed Asset Turnover Profitability Indicators e.1 Return on Assets Ratio 1.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY As local affairs can best be regulated by the people in the locality rather than by central authority, the grant of local autonomy to local units is considered extremely necessary for a more efficient local government system. Local governments constitute the foundation of the entire structure of the government. The acts of the local government units affect the ordinary citizen more directly than those of the national government. This is primarily because the average citizen has more and closer contacts with the local governments and their agencies than with the national or provincial government, and is more concerned with the local affairs than with those of the national or provincial in scope. In addition, local governments are essential in each country because they are expected to be at the frontline of emergency measures in the aftermath of disasters to ensure general welfare of its constituents, according to the Local Government Code of 1991. Thus, it is of vital importance that the monetary budget by the national government towards each local government should be properly accounted for because this allotment is crucial save in the case of undue incidents. The results of this study will serve as an informative tool to the local government of Iligan City in gauging the selected barangayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial statements and budgets for a given period of time. It will benefit the local government of Iligan in identifying certain barangays that need improvement and on taking appropriate courses of actions in the financial administration sector. Moreover, this research will also function as a supplementary guide to other researchers in gathering data that are related to these topics. This enhancement shall not be limited only to the sample barangays but shall rather extend up to the scope of the entire local government of Iligan City. 1.3 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY Thi s study will focus only on financial analysis of the financial statements of eleven barangays in Iligan City. The determining factor in concluding the best three performing barangays will be the different financial indicators and ratios. The data to be used in this study are only those audited financial statements for years 2010 to 2013 that are provided by the city government of Iligan and the survey questionnaires prepared by the researchers which are deemed necessary in pointing out the best practices applied by the best three performing barangays. This study will be limited to the extent of some barangays located only within the vicinity of Iligan City. In determining the sample population, the forty-four barangays of Iligan City shall undergo random sampling. This is done to minimize the time needed for the study because time will be one of the major constraints in conducting this research.

Saudi Arabian And Mexican Health Care Delivery Systems

Health Care Access: An Analysis of Saudi Arabian and Mexican Health Care Delivery Systems Access to equal health care is essential for a country to thrive and flourish. Equal access to health care means that all citizens receive the same health care services regardless of race, religion, gender, and socioeconomic status. Unfortunately, health care disparities and unequal access to care is often what many cultures experience. This paper will compare and contrast two very different societies, Saudi Arabia and Mexico. The comparison will analyze health care delivery systems, the accessibility to health care, and the health status of the citizens of Saudi Arabia and Mexico. The analysis will include methods employed by the two countries to improve accessibility and therefore improving quality of health care for their citizens. Saudi Arabian Health Care Delivery System Prior to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia s established reign, health care was sought out by local traditional healers. Saud i Arabia became a kingdom in 1932 and one of the first decrees set by King Abdulaziz was to establish a public health department in Mecca. The public health departments objectives were to promote and monitor free health care for Saudi citizens as well as pilgrims from other Muslim countries who came to Mecca for the Hajj journey made by all followers of Islam. The public health department implemented many hospitals and dispensaries; however, there was not enough funding to sustain andShow MoreRelatedInternational Management67196 Words   |  269 Pages10020. Copyright  © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Previous editions  © 2009, 2006, and 2003. 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Cornwall Free Essays

Cornwall is the place I love to be, it is filled with lovely places to see, beautiful beaches of golden sand, which you can just spend hours walking on or looking out across the ocean, there are quaint little villages, sea ports and harbours. I love going to St. Ives this is my favourite place, it is just a small harbour town but packed with interesting things to do. We will write a custom essay sample on Cornwall or any similar topic only for you Order Now You can have boat rides round the coastline, fishing, seeing the sea life, there is a museum where you can see how people made a living and the tragedies they went through and there is also a recording of the locals talking about how they have seen the changes in their lifetime. There is also a life boat station there which has it’s own stories to tell. Driving through St. Ives can be a bit scary as the roads are very narrow, there is just enough room for one car to pass through, so most of the road near the harbour are one way. You also have art galleries, food shops, pubs and restaurants, hotels and holiday homes. As you walk through the back streets you find that the locals occupy the houses and it is less noisy. I like to sit on the harbour front and watch the boats coming and going and local fishermen selling their catch, also watching the sea rippling in and out, at night it is lit up lovely and is packed full of locals and holiday makers all enjoying themselves. There are other places to visit like the Eden Project at St. Austell which has the worlds largest greenhouse, two massive conservatories one of which is a rain forest and the is for fruits and flowers from different countries. The grounds are landscaped and produce tea, lavender, sun flowers and I think a desert conservatory is going to be built there too. The national trust owns and protects over 220 miles of the Cornish coastline, there are loads of coastal walks from just a gentle pace to hard hiking, oh that’s not for me though. I have visited the lost gardens of Heligan and was totally blown away by what I saw, it was truly wonderful and to think it could have been lost for every would have been very sad, but to explore the whole of it would take at least two or three days. I was only there for one day and really I didn’t see it all I was taken back with the plants and ponds and to think this was all made possible by the Tremayne family and now their descendants have found it and stated about restoring it with help from other sources, this is well worth a visit. Other places to visit is Porthleven another harbour town, the Minack theatre which was the inspiration of just one lady Rowena Gade, Charlestown Heritage, Shipwrecks and China Clay, well worth a look you also have Bodmin Moor which is one of the last unspoilt areas in the south west and I have also seen some beautiful church’s driving through some of the Cornish towns. Across the coast you will find surfers trying to catch the perfect wave, they make it look so easy. You can also so some crabbing in the crab pools in Perrinporth. Newquay is a buslin town with loads of shops, arcades, pubs, beaches and night life. And now what I don’t like about Cornwall, well that’s easy to answer,it’s leaving How to cite Cornwall, Papers

Sport and Exercise Physiology

Question: Critically discuss methods used to determine VO2max and its application to endurance sport. Answer: Introduction: From the phrase volume of oxygen, the term VO2 is derived. The V denotes volume and O2 denotes oxygen. VO2 max value is the maximum volume of oxygen that can be utilised by a person during physical exercise. VO2 max is measured in millilitres per kilogramme of weight per minute (ml/kg/min) (Joseph 2015). During exercise as the intensity is gradually increased, the body increases the amount of oxygen intake for the production of energy. However, there is a limit to the oxygen intake at which any further increase in the intensity of exercise will not increase the oxygen intake. This final threshold of oxygen intake is the known as the VO2 max. VO2max is a crucial physical determinant of the performance of an athlete. Hence increasing the level of VO2 max is critical for athletes training regimes. VO2 max of an individual or an athlete depends on factors such as- efficiency of the physical activity, the adaptation of muscle and the metabolism rate of a person (Joseph 2015). Discussion: Endurance sports are a subgroup of sports in which the aim is to attain athletic output over a prolonged period or distance. The most vital factors that benefit the endurance sports are its intensity (Joseph 2015). Training with a suitable intensity optimises the response of the body to attain the highest endurance. Testing the amount of intensity is the best way to learn about the most efficient training regime of an individual according to his or her physiologic conditions. The intensity of physical activities of a person can be determined by measuring the amount of oxygen intake that by measuring the VO2 max. The VO2 max value can shed light on the performance of an individual. Hence, the VO2 max values are imperative for determining the performance level of an athlete. It is crucial for an athlete to monitor their VO2 max value to keep a log on their performance (Joseph 2015). The VO2 max values can be measured using the following methods: Astrand treadmill test This test is conducted to measure the value of VO2max. Requirements of this test are a treadmill, a stopwatch and an assistant. In this test, at first for ten minutes the athlete warms up. Then the athlete runs on a treadmill which is at the speed of 8.05km/hr and an inclination of 0%. The time is recorded using a stopwatch and the inclination is changed by 2.5% every 3 minutes by the assistant till the athlete can run (strand and Ryhming 1954). The VO2 max is calculated using the following formula: VO2 max= (time* 1.444) + 14.99 Astrand 6 minute cycle test The requirements of the Astrand 6 minute cycle tests are cycle ergometer, stopwatch, heart rate monitor, weighing scales and an assistant. The athletes weight is measured first, and then the athlete is needed to warm up for ten minutes (strand and Ryhming 1954). Next, the cycle work rate is set by the assistant in kilogram-force metre per minute (kg-m/min) according to the following criteria: Male over 55 85 Male 35-55 115 Male under 35 125 Female over 55 60 Female 35-55 85 Female under 35 115 The setting of the cycle will increase the heart rate of the athlete to 130-160bpm after 2 minutes of cycling at a speed of 60 rpm. Then the assistant starts the stopwatch and commands the athlete to start. Keeping the heart rate between 130- 160 bpm the athlete pedals for 6 minutes at 60 rpm. The heart rate of the athlete is recorded every minute. The assistant changes the work rate wattage of the cycle if the heart rate of the athlete changes from the given range. The test is stopped after 6 minutes and the final work rate wattage is recorded. The VO2 max is calculated from all these factors (strand and Ryhming 1954). 2.4 km run test Requirements of this test are a 400-meter track, an assistant and a stopwatch to record the time. The athlete runs 2.4 km after warming up for 10 minutes. The time taken to complete the 2.4 km run and each lap is recorded by the assistant (Burger et al. 1990). The VO2 max is calculated using the following formula given by Burger et al. (1990): VO2max = 85.95 - (3.079 x Run Time [minutes]) {2.24-2.91 ml/kg/min}. Balke VO2 max test Prerequisites of this test are a 400m track, whistle, stopwatch and an assistant. In fifteen minutes the athlete needs to run as far as he or she can go. The assistant records the distance the athlete covered in 15 minutes (Horwill et al. 1992). The VO2max is calculated from using this distance which was given by Horwill (1992) as following: VO2max = [{(Total distance covered 15) 133} 0.172] + 33.3 Balke incremental treadmill protocol test In this test, the athlete runs on the treadmill for as long as he or she can. The inclination of the treadmill is incremented at appropriate intervals of time. The slope of the treadmill is set 0% initially and then incremented by 1%ebery minute for men and 2.5% for women every 3 minutes. The speed of the treadmill is set at 3.3 mph for men and 3 mph for women (Pollock et al. 1976). When the athlete stops running, the time is recorded. Using the following formulas given by Pollock et al. (1976) the VO2 max is calculated. VO2 max = 1.444 T +14.99 (for men) VO2 max = 1.38 T + 5.22 (for women) Cooper VO2 max test The resources required for this test are 400-metre track, whistle and stopwatch, and an assistant. The athlete needs to run for 12 minutes as far as it is possible (Cooper et al. 1968). Before starting to test, warm up for ten minutes is done. The assistant signals the athlete to stops by blowing the whistle after 12 minutes. Then the assistant records the distance covered by the athlete in 12 minutes (Cooper et al. 1968). The VO2 max value is calculated by using the following formula given by Cooper et al. (1968): (Distance covered in metres - 504.9) 44.73 VO2 max step test The prerequisites of this test are an assistant, a 16 inch high step or bench, stopwatch, and a heart rate monitor. The athlete is required to step up and down on the bench for 3 minutes with one foot at a time. This is done in a 4 beat cycles, men 24 steps/minute and women 22 steps/minute (McArdle 2000). After 3 minutes, the heart beat for 15 seconds is recorded. The heart beat is multiplied with 4 to determine step test pulse rate. The value obtained is used to calculate the VO2 max. Using the following formula given by McArdle (2000) the VO2 max is calculated. Male = 111.33 - (0.42 x pulse rate beats/min) Female = 65.81 - (0.1847 x pulse rate beats/min) VO2 max from race result VO2 max can be calculated from race results by recording the time and distance of the race. An athlete is needed to race for more than once. All the race results are used to determine the VO2 max value. VO2 max from one-mile jog In this test, firstly the weight of the athlete is recorded and then the athlete warms up for10 minutes. Next, the athlete starts to jog for one mile at a steady pace ensuring that they jog for more than 8 minutes (men) and 9 minutes (women) (George et al. 1993). An assistant records the time after completion of one mile and immediately checks heart rate of the athlete and records it. The VO2 max is calculated by using algorithms given by George et al. (1993). VO2max = 108.844 - 0.1636W - 1.438T - 0.1928H (Male Athletes) VO2max = 100.5 - 0.1636W - 1.438T - 0.1928H (Female Athletes) (W= Weight, H= Heart rate and T=Time) Treadmill VO2 max test In this test, the athlete needs to run on a treadmill whose slope and speed can be adjusted for as long as possible by the athlete. At every one minute the slope of the treadmill is increased exponentially at 0 minutes 0 degree, 1 minute 2 degree, 2 minutes 4 degree and so on (Joseph 2015).. The athlete stops running when it is no more possible to run. The final time is recorded. The VO2 max value is calculated from the following expression: VO2max = 42 + (Time 2) Multistage Fitness Test or beep test The prerequisites for multistep fitness test are a 30-metre tape measure, flat no-slip surface, the multistage fitness test CD, marking cones, CD player, a person to assist in recording the results. A track is made with marking cones at 20-meter intervals. Firstly, for ten minutes the athlete warms up. Then the athlete is required to run 20 metres at a time accordingly with the beep signals from the audio tape or CD (kilding et al. 2006). The athlete starts running when the assistant initiates the audio. The number of the shuttles which is completed by the athlete is recorded by the assistant. If the athlete reaches a marking cone before the beep, then he must wait for the signal before running the next 20 metre. If the athlete reaches the marking cone after the beep, he is allowed 2 -3 shuttles to regain the required pace. The VO2max is calculated by using the following formula given by (kilding et al. 2006): VO2max (mL/kg/min) = 0.38 x total number of shuttles completed + 25.98 Rockport fitness walking test In this test, the athlete walks 1609 metres (one mile) as fast as possible. Before starting the walk, the weight of the athlete is measured, and the athlete warms up for 10 minutes. The time required by the athlete to complete the one-mile walk and the heart rate of the athlete immediately after the completion one-mile walk is recorded by the assistant (Joseph 2015). The following formula is used to determine the VO2 max of the athlete: 132.853 - (0.0769 Weight) - (0.3877 Age) + (6.315 Gender) - (3.2649 Time) - (0.1565 Heart rate) Application of VO2 max Endurance athletes use their VO2 max values to determine their functional capability. The ability to use VO2 max value to determine their performance level acts as a gauge of their future performance and progress (Joseph 2015). An athlete can determine their performance level by using only VO2 max values or by the combination of VO2 max and absolute lactate threshold values. These parameters can give an idea about the caloric needs, optimal energy source usage and heart rate training zones. All these factors can be incorporated into training programs to attain peak endurance level. Factors like genetics recovery and rest also play a role in the peak performance of an athlete along with the above factors (Joseph 2015). When endurance sports are played by athletes, their body uses glucose to produce energy. The glucose production requires oxygen. However, when athletes increase the intensity of effort they put in a sport, their muscle cell produce glucose without oxygen. It leads to a byproduct that is lactate. When level increases in the blood, the athletes lactate starts to feel fatigue (Joseph 2015). The immediate spike of lactate concentration in the blood is the lactate threshold point. The lactate threshold value depends on the VO2 max value, as when oxygen intake stops increasing, the lactate production begins. Hence, both these factors influence the performance of endurance athlete. VO2 max values are practically crucial for training regimes of an athlete. By estimating their VO2 max values, athletes can improve their performance over time through training so that their VO2 max threshold increases. It determines an individuals maximum aerobic capacity (Joseph 2015). Conclusion: The size of the engine of an athlete is determined by the VO2 max value. When an endurance athlete acquires his or her VO2 max value, they can estimate their current capacity. This estimation helps the athletes to plan their training regimes so that they can improve their functional capability as an athlete. VO2 max values also can be used to determine the heart rate training zones of an athlete. This determination helps the athletes to minimize fatigue and maximise performance by understanding the abilities and limits of their bodies. The heart rate directly proportional to the VO2 max until the threshold point of the athlete is reached. An assessment of VO2 max values of athletes enables them to train smartly rather than just working hard. References: American College of Sports Medicine, 2013.ACSM's guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. strand, P.O. and Ryhming, I., 1954. A nomogram for calculation of aerobic capacity (physical fitness) from pulse rate during submaximal work.Journal of applied physiology,7(2), pp.218-221. Bungmark, W., Kulaputana, O. and Chaiwatcharaporn, C., 2015. An Innovative Step Test Protocol Can Accurately Assess VO2 Max in Athletes.Journal of Exercise Physiology Online,18(3). Burger, S.C., Bertram, S.R. and Stewart, R.I., 1990. Assessment of the 2.4 km run as a predictor of aerobic capacity.S Afr Med J,78(6), pp.327-329. Cooper, D.M., Weiler-Ravell, D.A.N.I.E.L., Whipp, B.J. and Wasserman, K.A.R.L.M.A.N., 1984. Aerobic parameters of exercise as a function of body size during growth in children.Journal of Applied Physiology,56(3), pp.628-634 Eyestone, E.D., Fellingham, G., George, J. and Fisher, A.G., 1993. Effect of water running and cycling on maximum oxygen consumption and 2-mile run performance.The American journal of sports medicine,21(1), pp.41-44. Faulkner, J.A., Kollias, J.A.M.E.S., Favour, C.B., Buskirk, E.R. and Balke, B., 1968. Maximum aerobic capacity and running performance at altitude.Journal of applied physiology,24(5), pp.685-691. Gayen, M.A., Bandyopadhyay, S. and Mitra, S., 2013. Estimation Of Vo2 Max By Different Exercise Testing Methods.S. No Names of the Articles Page. No 1 Effect of Selected Yogasanas on Pulse Rate of Govt. High School Girls in Vizianagaram-M. Sudhakar Babu, Dr. PPS Paul Kumar. Howley, E.T., Bassett, D.R. and Welch, H.G., 1995. Criteria for maximal oxygen uptake: review and commentary.Medicine and science in sports and exercise,27(9), pp.1292-1301. Joseph, B.S., 2015. An investigation into the measurement level of maximum volume of oxygen (vo2 max) consumption using cooper 12-minutes run-test.Journal of Exercise Science and Physiotherapy,11(2), p.65. Kilding, A.E., Aziz, A.R. and Teh, K.C., 2006. Measuring and predicting maximal aerobic power in international-level intermittent sport athletes.Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness,46(3), p.366. Kline, G.M., Porcari, J.P., Hintermeister, R., Freedson, P.S., Ward, A.N.N., McCarron, R.F., Ross, J. and Rippe, J.M., 1987. Estimation of VO2max from a one-mile track walk, gender, age, and body weight.Med Sci Sports Exerc,19(3), pp.253-259. Kotte, E.M., De Groot, J.F., Bongers, B.C., Winkler, A.M. and Takken, T., 2015. Validity and reproducibility of a new treadmill protocol: the Fitkids Treadmill Test.Medicine Science in Sports Exercise,47(10), pp.2241-2247. Sethu, S., 2014. Journal of Recent Research and Applied Studies. Shaharudin, S. and Agrawal, S., 2014. MUSCLE SYNERGY IS ROBUST ACROSS DIFFERENT PHYSIOLOGICAL DEMANDS DURING ROWING.MoHE 2014. Tambalis, K.D., Panagiotakos, D.B., Arnaoutis, G. and Sidossis, L.S., 2013. Endurance, explosive power and muscle strength in relation to Body Mass Index and physical fitness in Greek children aged 7 to 10-y-old.Pediatric exercise science,25(3), p.394.