Anthropology Exam Review

The scientific correction of military soulfulnessnels, Including their origins, manner and physical, heathenish and social develop manpowert. Cultural Anthropology Explore how culture has shaped citizenry In the past and present day. material Anthropology Explore where benevolent species came from, how our bodies developed In the present form, and what shows us unique. Psychology The scientific study of the human beings mind, mental states, and human behavior.Sociology The scientific study of human social behavior, including individuals, groups, and societies. Inquiry Model A scientific model used to organize thoughts, observations and relevant scientific information ternarying us to new questions and ideas. strike the business or question Develop a hypothesis Gather data Analyze the data Draw conclusion Archaeology Excavate physical remains of past cultures to commiserate and reconstruct them.Some study cultures with no written record (prehistory) or study sites that h ave a recorded history to subjunction their understanding of the culture. Linguistic Anthropology nurture human languages and how language affects and expresses culture. Ethnology The study of the origins and cultures of deferent races and citizenrys. They argon concerned with marriage customs, kinship patterns, political and economic systems, religion, art, music and technology. Most often study a culture by and done dissipateicipant observation. Humans vs..Primates Similarities Differences The bond between mother and infant is important for survival Humans are the moreover primates adapted to Bipedal Have a very long infant addiction period (Time until an individual can reproduce) Humans have the longest infant dependency period of both(prenominal) other mammal Have eminence hierarchies and aggression among the males for access to food and females Humans are the only primates with a symbolic, spoken language and the physical ability of speech Groom or lite one another Humans are the only primates who live In groups and mate In pairs Communicate done facial expressions, touch, visualization, and body language Humans develop grasping feet, forward go about eyes and relatively large brains Pharmacology Study the anatomy and behaviors of living primates. Paleontology The study of human ancestors based on evidence from distant evolutionary past. Human Variation Genetic differences between pile and populations to understand the differences between people. They take heed to find out how and why human beings are different and try to understand these differences from an evolutionary perspective. Forensic Anthropology Help legal agencies to identify human remains after atomic reactor disasters, wars, homicides, suicides, or accidental deaths. They are usually paleontologists or archaeologists who have spent days studying human bones and fossils. assimilation All of the learned behaviors, beliefs, positions, and ideals of a particular ordering or p opulation. Culture is Learned a We learn most thoughts, behaviors and values we continue to learn for our life Culture is Shared a If a group or society think backs or acts in particular ways, those become part of culture b If a small group shares cultural value, they whitethorn belong to a SUBCULTURE Share characteristics of the overall culture, nevertheless also have important distinctive ideas and behaviors Culture Defines Nature a Culture can limit, fulfill, lose ones temper or in other ways influence our biological inevitably and inherited goencies Culture Shapes how we discern and Understand the World Ex.Intuit have numerous ways to describe snow because it was important to their survival Culture has Patterns a Cultures arent random collections of belief and behavior if one aspect changes, so do others b place cultures are certain core values and world views that are usually taken for granted by members of the culture c We are often unaware of the values we hold becau se they seem self-evident unregulated Interview No questions are pre-established and the research worker has little control over a respondents answers. Pros Allow researcher to probe out his or her initial ideas and can lead to a greater understanding of the issuing Cons May be deception between interviewer and interviewee Semi-structured Interview Go with an outline of types of information pauperizationed notwithstanding not a strict list of questions. Pros Good if you have one chance to meet the mortal Cons It can be easy to stray away from the topic you need info on merged Interview Use a set list of questions that dont change. Should be used when researcher is very light(a) on the topic and other information is easily available.Pros Can be used efficiently by non-experts Does not require relationship Can produce consistent data Cons Cannot adapt to change and are closed questions May obtain limited answers Participant Observation Observes a group and participates as a m ember. Kinship Systems Bilinear A system of family descent where blood links and rights of inheritance through both male and female ancestors are of equal importance. Matrilineal Societies in which descent is traced through mothers tailher than through puzzles. Patrimonial A system in which family descent is reckoned through the blood links of males. Types of Marriage monogamy A relationship where an individual has one partner. ProsOnly legal type of marriage in Canada Loyalty to to each one other Prevents Sexually Transmitted Infections Cons Higher divorce rate Change partners over a life High divorce and remarriage rate Polygamy A form of marriage that involves quadruplicate partners. Pros Symbol of wealth and acquiring wealth Man is cared for by multiple people Enjoy company of copies Emotionally and financially unmanageable Unequal love Confusion of family Bridgewater (A cultural system where the groom essential pay a father in order to marry his daughter Polyandry A form of marriage with one wife and multiple husbands pros Lots of space Sexual rights and economic responsibilities Can respond to different environmental and social constraints Cons change magnitude workload Must look after all husbands Love Marriage A person chooses who they want to marry.Choose your life partner Personal desires are important 50% percent divorce rate in USA, and 33% in Canada Families may not be close since one family may not corresponding the other Arranged Marriage Someone else chooses the spouse for the person. Pros Only 5-7% divorce rate Close family ties, broaden family crime syndicates and parental support in maintaining the marriage Cons No real feelings of love for other person Couples private desires arent as important Religion Cultural beliefs of the supernatural that people use to cope with problems of existence. Religious questions encourage people to understand ultimate questions such(prenominal) as wherefore are we here? What is death? Why does e vil happen to some and not others?Religion satisfies psychological needs common to all people in the faces of uncertainty Religion provides community and affirms a persons place in society, making its believers feel part of a community and giving them confidence Multiculturalism An ideology that states that all cultures are of equal value and would be promoted equally within the same nation. Acculturation The meeting of two or more cultural groups and the resulting cultural changes to each group. Assimilation Individuals want to have daily inter live up to with other cultural groups and leave slowly their own cultural heritage. Schools of Psychology Behaviorism Behavioral conditioning in the forms of uncorrupted and operant conditioning.Psychoanalysis ID Expresses intimate and aggressive instincts follows the pleasure principle EGO Mediates between desires of the old and the demands of the Superego follows the laity principle SUPEREGO Represents conscience and the rules of societ y the moral centre of the mind Humanism Hierarchy of Needs Describes the theory of motivation, explaining that basic needs must be fulfilled before higher-order needs become important. Safety Needs Belongingness and love Needs look upon Needs Self-Actualization Cognitive The mental process in the brain associated with thinking, knowing and remembering. Classical Conditioning Created by Ivan Pavlov A kind of learning that occurs when a conditioned stimulus (CSS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) EX.Dog drooling test He knew he could get an unconditioned response (drooling) when he presented the unconditioned stimulus (food) To test his theory, Pavlov took a neutral stimulus (bell) and began to ring it at the same time that the dog received its food aft(prenominal) a while, the dog began to associate the sound of the bell with receiving food, a conditioned stimulus, since it produced a conditioned response Operant Conditioning Created by B. F. Skinner A type of learnin g in which an individuals behavior is change by its antecedents and consequences EX. Rat and pigeon experiment Skinner developed a box that had a bar on one wall When pressed, a food pellet fell into the cage Inside the box, a rat was rewarded with food each time it pressed the bar Within a short time, the rat was furiously peddling away hoarding its pellets in the cage Erik Erikson believed that humans continue to develop over their life history rather than just in their childhood.He also believed that individual growth depends on society, not Just person-to-person experiences. Anxiety trouble Affects a persons behavior, thoughts, emotions, and physical health. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) Worrying, nervousness, tension Obsessive-compulsive Disorder (COD) Obsessions and compulsions Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PUTS) After a person is exposed a traumatic event natural depression Mood disorder involving a pervasive, unhappy, or irritable mood. It is much more severe than Just unhappiness, and may interfere with a persons life if not treated. Bi-Polar Disorder A mental illness characterized by periods of howling(a) mood and periods of depression.Behavioral Change Model Pre-contemplation Not thinking about or intending to change a problem Contemplation Aware of a desire to change a particular behavior Preparation The action is intended in the near future, typically measured as within the next thirty age Action Marks the beginning of the actual change occurring Maintenance Maintaining this new behavior Attribution system We link the behavior of others to their disposition or to an external situation. As a result, your interpretation of a person can be different than a friends view. We are more likely to attribute a persons behavior to their internal disposition rather than a situation.Fundamental Attribution Theory The tendency to overestimate the impact of arsenal disposition and underestimate the impact of social influences when analyzing the behaviors of others. Social thinking affects behavior by affecting principal and cognizance. (Sensation Activates sense receptors) (Perception Select, organize and interpret data). Attitude affects behavior Attitudes are infectious and can affect the people that are near the person, which in turn can influence their behavior. Motivation directs behavior towards specific goals. cordial health affects behavior by creating irregular social norms. Intrinsic Motivation Desire to perform a task for its own sake.Extrinsic Motivation Desire to perform a task due to external factors, such as reward, threat or punishment. Attitude and Behavior Consistency Theory Assume that individuals need eubstance between perspective and behavior. Change attitude by creating inconsistency in knowledge and behavior. Learning Theories Study the influence of stimuli on other stimuli to create an emotional response. Change attitude by using classical and operant conditioning techniques. Social Judgment Theories Study how prior attitudes change the perspectives of persuasive messages that influence their persuasion. Changed attitude by taking fair and unbiased messages. Functional Theories Questions proposed of attitudes.Change attitude by creating inconsistency between an attitude and a function. Structural Functionalism Takes the view that various segments of society serve a purpose for society as a whole they believe that social problems are temporary and institutions will improve over time. Sociologist Emilie penchant Conflict Theory Expresses the view that power, not function, holds a society together. Society is seen as groups of people performing together in contender and in this, may erupt to bring about change. Sociologist Karl Marx Symbolic Interactions Focuses on how individuals learn about their culture how they subjectively interpret, then act upon their social world.Sociologist Max Weber libber Sociology Focuses on women and gender equality in society. They emp hasize a better understanding of the social roles of men and women in different cultures. Sociologist Dorothy Smith Primary and Secondary Agents of Colonization Family The family is responsible for meeting the individuals basic needs and providing beliefs needed to survive in this world. It is within the family structure that you are first introduced to right and wrong, proper and improper, and eliminate and inappropriate. The family shapes behavior throughout life, and is the first agent a person is introduced to. A family is any combination of two or more people who are bound together over time.Types of Families Nuclear Family A family that consists of spouses and their unfree children Extended A family system in which several generations live together in one household Lone-parent A family that consists of one family living with one or more pendent children Blended Family A family in which split up partners with children from a previous union marry Same-Sex Family A family tha t consists of two individuals of the same gender, with to without kids School/Work Lasts 12-20 years of an individuals life. School socializes children in knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessary to help them function in society. Work typically lasts until the age of 65 or until the person can retire. School and work teach attitudes, and habits, such as organization, responsibility, promptness, cooperation, and respect for authority.Peer Groups At age 2-3, children come into contact with their peer groups which brings along with it new personality types, behaviors and attitudes. Adolescent peer groups tend to influence colonization to a greater degree due to the rapid change in society. Helps to understand relationships and situations like friendliness, compromising, dealing with disappointment, and coping with rejection. Culture and Religion Each culture has a different perception of gender roles. Society generally determines appropriate roles for a man or woman. Religion is an a spect of ultra and also plays a socializing role in a persons life. It is usually introduced first Media Media influences what we say, how we say it, what we think etc.Positive Influences Informing us of new policies/laws, promoting healthy eating and exercise, encouraging family values Negative Influences Focusing on negative aspects, promotes negative behaviors Social Identity The way you define yourself to the world and to yourself. Life Stages Not everyone passes through them, nor do they have to occur in the same order Stereotype An exaggerated view or Judgment made about a group or class of people. Discrimination The act of treating groups of individuals below the belt based on their race, gender, or other common characteristics. Prejudice An individual judgment, about or supple hostility towards another social group.Formation of Discrimination Learned Theory Not innate Learned through colonization Children often carry prejudicial views until adolescence Can learn through media Competition Theory The key reason for discrimination is economic competition Whenever an economic crisis occurs, people assume immigrants are responsible Creates competition between unemployed and immigrants Frustration-Aggression Theory Shortcomings an individual experiences financially provides reason to resent a group that bulge out to have greater wealth Frustration can be displaced and turned into culture Can lead to escape goats Ignorance Theory Lack of personal and social experience can cause people to make incorrect assumptions about someone If we refuse to learn, we may see actions as strange or unpaired Norms Expectations about how people should behave. Sanctions Rules within a group that encourage or discourage certain kinds or behavior.Rioting Takes place because of civil disorder/social grievance. Panic An irrational response by individuals or a group that is caused by a dangerous event. Abnormal Colonization Child maltreat Physical Abuse Assault or inflicting personal harm inappropriately Neglect The failure to provide physical or emotional necessities of life. Emotional Abuse Repeatedly criticizing or subjecting a child to an unhappy or deplorable environment. Feral Children deserted at a young age and were raised by animals. Ex. Joana Malay (Discovered at the age of 8 in her backyard, raised by dogs) Isolate Children raised in near isolation within human households.